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Nouvelle Théologie
''Nouvelle Théologie'' (French for "New Theology") or ''Ressourcement'' is the name commonly used to refer to a school of thought in Catholic theology that arose in the mid-20th century, most notably among certain circles of French and German theologians. The shared objective of these theologians was a fundamental reform of the dominance of Catholic theology by neo-Scholasticism, which had resulted in the dominance of teaching by scholastically-influenced manuals, criticism of modernism by the Church and a defensive stance towards non-Catholic faiths. The influence of the movement was important as a counterpoint to the widespread neo-Scholasticism of Catholic thought, especially through its influence on the reforms initiated at the Second Vatican Council.
==Origins==
In the late nineteenth and first half of the twentieth century (especially after the issuing of the encyclical ''Aeterni Patris'' by Pope Leo XIII in 1879), Roman Catholic thought was dominated by neo-Scholastic forms of thought. This, in reaction against "modernist" theology, insisted on a rigid adherence to the thought, methods and principles of the thirteenth-century thinker Thomas Aquinas. This dominance became particularly pronounced in the early twentieth century, as exemplified by the issuing of the Anti-Modernist Oath by Pope Pius X in 1910, and the publication in 1914 of 24 allegedly Thomist propositions which had to be taught in all colleges as fundamental elements of theology.
The roots of a questioning of the dominance of neo-Scholasticism may be traced to work done from the 1920s onwards. Some French Jesuit studies made in exile at Ore Place, Hastings in 1906-26 might be seen as forerunners of the ''nouvelle théologie''.〔Grumett, David, ‘''Nouvelle Théologie'', in ''The Cambridge Dictionary of Christian Theology'', (Cambridge, 2011), p348.〕 However, the ''nouvelle théologie'' movement itself is generally associated with the period between c 1935 and 1960.〔Jürgen Mettepenningen, ''Nouvelle Théologie - New Theology: Inheritor of Modernism, Precursor of Vatican II'', (London: T&T Clark, 2010), p4.〕 The movement in its early stages (i.e. the 1930s and early 1940s) is also particularly associated with the French language – a contrast with the Latin used in seminary teaching at the time.〔Jürgen Mettepenningen, ''Nouvelle Théologie - New Theology: Inheritor of Modernism, Precursor of Vatican II'', (London: T&T Clark, 2010), p10.〕
Theologians who are nowadays identified as early forerunners of the ''nouvelle théologie'' sought a return of Catholic theology to (what they perceived was) its original purity of thought and expression. To accomplish this, they advocated a "return to the sources" of the Christian faith: namely, scripture and the writings of the Church Fathers. This methodological move is known by its French name, ''ressourcement'' ("return to the sources"). Along with this, the movement adopted a systemic openness to dialogue with the contemporary world on issues of theology. They developed also a renewed interest in biblical exegesis, typology, art, literature and mysticism.
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